This is a HMS Beyblade (Hard Metal System). As you can see there is 4 layers to it, the top circle is the Bit Chip, the jagged ring below it is the Attack Ring, the circle below that is the Weight Disk and the bottom image is the Blade Base. 

Bit Chip - The bit chip is included in all the Beyblade's from the early plastics to the HMS ones. Originally the bit chip was nothing more than just a decorative piece, now in the HMS series of Beyblade's its an important part, it keeps the Beyblade held together. The original early plastic Beyblade's had a much shorter bit chip which needed to be held in place by a Bit Protector, this was just basically a piece of see through plastic, an example of theses early plastics Beyblade's is the Bakushin-Oh.

Attack Ring - The attack ring is one of the most important parts of a Beyblade on both the plastics and HMS. The attack ring allows the Beyblade to make contact with your opponents Beyblade. The Attack ring can be used in both directions, Left and Right (there are some exceptions though). Attack rings vary in style, their different shapes allow them to be used differently, so try to vary your attack ring until you get the right one. 

Weight Disk - the Weight disk again is an important part of a Beyblade. It gives your Beyblade mass, which can increase its attacking or defending strength. Weight disks spread the weight across the Beyblade, this allows it to keep spinning for longer times. There are many sizes and weights. The wider the weight disk, generally you will get an increase in endurance, allowing your Blade to spin for longer periods of time. Heavier ones general allow a higher defense or attack, depending on you spin direction and what parts you use. 

Blade Base - The Blade Base is another important part if not the most important part. It decides the way your Beyblade acts. Again there are many styles, higher ones, lower ones, ones with additional parts and different Beyblade tips. The Blade Base allows your Beyblade to spin, of course it effects the direction of spin, depending on some aerodynamics.

Running core - This is the block in the center (engine gear, magnacore etc) this determines the spin direction of the blade. There have been a few running core styles, there were some plastic blades that were equipped with the ability to change tips with 3 different styles, next there was the magnacore type, theses running cores have magnets inside them, they can be combined with a magnacore weight disks and the magnacore tray. The magnacore tray has indents where magnets are placed, this then effects the direction that the blade travels in. Lastly there is the Engine Gear Cores, theses are built up of cogs and springs. Before a beybattle, you wind the engine gear up, turning it in the correct direction, all this energy is stored inside the engine gear at the very top. Depending on what style of base you have, the engine gear will activate, in other words the plastic button on the outside is pressed in releasing the energy, this then makes the blade base spin, making the blade travel even faster.